4/30/2014

Direct Indirect Speech

Direct and Indirect Speech

Words spoken by a person can be reported to another person in two ways. These two ways of narration are called direct speech and indirect speech.

Direct speech

When we use direct speech we quote the actual words said by the speaker.

Examples are:
She said, ‘I am going to the market.’
John said, ‘I will be late today.’
Alice said, ‘Would you like to come with me?’

Indirect speech

When we use indirect speech, we do not quote the exact words said by the speaker. Instead, we express the idea in our own words.

In order to report the words of the original speaker in our own language, we have to make several changes in his/her sentence. The important rules are given below:

Rules regarding the Change of Personal Pronouns

First Personal Pronoun	I	My	Me
First Personal Pronoun	We	Our	Us
Second Personal Pronoun	You	Your	You
Third Personal Pronoun	He	His	Him
	She	Her	Her
	It	Its	It
	They	Their	Them

Normally we make the following changes in the personal pronoun of the reported speech.

First personal pronoun of the reporting speech changes according to the subject of the reported speech.
Second personal pronoun of the reporting speech changes according to the object of the reported speech.
Third personal pronoun of the reporting speech doesn’t undergo any change

Table for Personal Pronouns

Personal Pronouns of Reported Speech	1^st	2^nd	3^rd
Change according to the Subject / Object of the Reporting Speech	Subject	Object	No Change

Rules regarding the Change in Tenses

When the reporting verb is in the present or future tense…

If the reporting verb is in the present or future tense, the tense of the verb in the direct speech does not undergo any changes in the indirect speech.

She says, ‘I have done my duty.’ (Direct speech)
She says that she has done her duty. (Indirect speech)
Direct: He says to her, ‘I will wait for you at the railway station.’
Indirect: He tells her that he will wait for her at the railway station.
Direct: He says, ‘I am not coming.’
Indirect: He says that he is not coming.

When the reporting verb is in the past tense…

When the reporting verb is in the past tense, all present tenses inside the quotation marks will change to their corresponding past tenses.

The simple present tense will change into the simple past tense.
The present continuous tense will change into the past continuous tense.
The past continuous tense will change into the past perfect continuous tense.

The present perfect tense will change into the past perfect tense.
The present perfect continuous tense will change into the past perfect continuous tense.

Past perfect and Past perfect continuous do not change.

1^st form of the Verb →	Changes into 2^nd form of the Verb →	Changes into had + 3^rd form of the Verb
Do/Does →	Did →	Had + 3^rd form
Is/am/are + 1^st form+ing →	Change into Was/were + 1^st form+ing →	Change into had been + 1^st form+ing
Has/have +3^rd form →	Change into Had+3^rd form →	‘Had’ doesn’t change (No change)
Has/have been +1^st form+ing →	Change into Had been +1^st form+ing →	‘Had been’ doesn’t change (No change)
Shall/Will + 1^st form →	Would + 1^st form

Here the reporting verb (said) is in the past tense. To change this sentence into indirect speech, we have to change the present tense(s) inside the quotation marks into their corresponding past tenses.

Direct and Indirect Speech: Rules for the Change of Tenses

We have seen that when the reporting verb is in the past tense, all present tenses inside the quotation marks will change into their corresponding past tenses in indirect speech. Study the example sentences given below.

Direct: She said, ‘I don’t want to come with you.’
Indirect: She said that she didn’t want to come with me.
Direct: He said, ‘I am writing a letter.’
Indirect: He said that he was writing a letter.

When the reporting verb is in the past tense, past tenses inside the quotation marks will change into their corresponding past tenses.

The simple past will change into the past perfect.
The past continuous will change into the past perfect continuous.
The past perfect and past perfect continuous tenses will remain unchanged.

Direct: He said, ‘Burglars broke into my house last night.’
Indirect: He said that burglars had broken into his house the previous night.
Direct: She said to me, ‘I was waiting for my sister.’
Indirect: She told me that she had been waiting for her sister.

Note that sometimes we do not change a simple past tense into past perfect tense in the indirect speech.

Direct: He said, ‘I lived many years in the US.’

Indirect: He said that he lived many years in the US. OR He said that he had lived many years in the US.

Note that the past perfect tense is used to lay stress on the completion of one past action before another past action.

When the reporting verb is in the past tense, shall will change into should in indirect speech. Similarly, will will change into would, can into could and may into might.

Direct: She said, ‘I will work hard.’
Indirect: She said that she would work hard.
Direct: He said, ‘They will be arriving here by the next train.’
Indirect: He said that they would be arriving there by the next train.
Direct: Alice said, ‘I will have finished the work by now.’
Indirect: Alice said that she would have finished the work by then.

Rules for the Change of Adverbs in Indirect Speech

Besides the changes in the tenses and the pronouns, words expressing nearness in direct speech are changed into words expressing distance in indirect speech. The rules are as follows:

This will change into that.
These will change into those.
Here will change into there.
Now/just will change into then.
Today will change into that day.
Yesterday will change into the previous day or the day before.
Last night will change into the previous night or the night before.
Tomorrow will change into the next day.
Ago will change into before.
The next day/week/year will change into the following day/week/year.
Hence will change into thence.
Thus will change into so or in that way.

Direct: He said, ‘I am too weak to work now.’
Indirect: He said that he was too weak to work then.
Direct: She said, ‘I will leave for New York tomorrow.’
Indirect: She said that she would leave for New York the next day.
Direct: He said, ‘I visited them yesterday.’
Indirect: He said that he had visited them the previous day.
Direct: She said, ‘I liked this bag.’
Indirect: She said that she liked that bag.

Notes:

Adverbs of time or place do not normally change if the reporting verb is in the present or future tense.

Direct: She says, ‘My husband will come now.’
Indirect: She says that her husband will come now.
Direct: She will say, ‘I have to leave now.’
Indirect: She will say that she has to leave now.

If the adverbs now, this, here etc., refer to objects present at the time of reporting the speech, or to the place in which the reporter is at the time of the speech, they are not changed into then, that, there etc.

John said to me, ‘I have no time to talk to you now.’
John told me that he had no time to talk to me now. (Here the report is made immediately.)
Alice said, ‘This is my basket.’
Alice said that this was her basket. (Here the basket is right before us.)
He said, ‘I will speak here.’
He said that he would speak here. (Here the report is made on the same spot.)

Types of Sentences

1: Declarative Sentences

Turn the following sentences into indirect speech.

1.   John said, ‘I am very busy now.’
2.   He said, ‘The horse has been fed.’
3.   ‘I know her name and address,’ said John.

Answers

1.   John said that he was very busy then.
2.   He said that the horse had been fed.
3.   John said that he knew/knows her name and address. (Note that the tenses may not change if the statement is still relevant or if it is a universal truth.)

2: Interrogative Sentences

There are two main kinds of interrogative sentences. Those which start with an auxiliary verb and those which start with a question word such as what, why, when, where, how etc.

The following changes occur when an interrogative sentence in the direct speech is changed to the indirect speech.

Interrogative sentences beginning with an auxiliary verb are changed into the indirect speech by using the connective if or whether.

The reporting verb said (or any other word used as the reporting verb) changes to asked, queried, questioned, demanded of or enquired of in the indirect speech. Note that of is used after enquired and demanded only when the reporting verb has an object.

The most common reporting verbs used to report a question are asked and enquired of. The reporting verb queried is somewhat investigative. Demanded of is the strongest of all reporting verbs mentioned above. It is used when an explanation is desired.

Note that the indirect narration is always in the assertive form. In other words, the interrogative sentences in the direct speech will change into assertive sentences in the indirect speech.

Study the following examples carefully to understand the rules mentioned above.

Direct: She said to me, ‘Are you coming with us?’
Indirect: She asked me if I was going with them. OR She asked them if I was coming with them.
Direct: She said to me, ‘Are you unwell?’
Indirect: She asked me if I was unwell.

Note that the auxiliary verbs should, could, would, ought to and might do not change in the indirect speech.

Direct: I said to him, ‘Who are you?’
Indirect: I asked him who he was.
Direct: The mother said to the daughter, ‘Do you know where John is?’
Indirect: The mother asked the daughter whether she knew where John was.
Direct: ‘Have you anything to say on behalf of the accused?,’ said the judge to the lawyer.
Indirect: The judge enquired of the lawyer if he had anything to say on behalf of the accused.

Change the following sentences into indirect speech.

1.   ‘What do you want?’ she asked him.
2.   ‘Are you coming with us?’ he asked me.
3.   He asked, ‘When do you intend to make the payment?’

Answers

1.   She asked him what he wanted.
2.   He asked me if I was coming/going with them.
3.   He enquired when I/he/she intended to make the payment.

Interrogative Part II

Direct: The Father said, ‘Son, did I not ask you to study hard?’
Indirect: The father enquired of his son if he had not asked him to study hard.
Direct: My father said to me, ‘Where were you last night?’
Indirect: My father demanded of me where I had been the previous night.
Direct: She said, ‘Friend, will you wait for a moment?’
Indirect: She asked her friend if she would wait for a moment.

Interrogative sentences beginning with a question word

When a question begins with a question word such as what, who, whom, when, where, why, how etc., the same word is used to introduce the question in the indirect speech. In other words, the question word becomes the joining word instead of that, if or whether.

Direct: Viola said to Rosalind, ‘Where are you going?’
Indirect: Viola asked Rosalind where she was going.
Direct: The teacher asked the new comer, ‘What is your name?’
Indirect: The teacher asked the new comer what his name was.

3: Imperative Sentences

Imperative sentences do not normally have an expressed subject. This is because the subject ‘you’ is usually understood. As a result of this, imperative sentences begin with a verb in the simple present tense.

An imperative sentence expresses ideas such as advice, order, request, suggestion, instruction, permission, allowance etc.

In order to change an imperative sentence into the indirect speech, we use a to-infinitive. A –that clause is also possible in some cases. Note that instead of ‘said’ we use one of the following reporting verbs:

Advise, command, request, suggest, threaten, order, forbid, decree, propose, entreat, prompt, counsel, pardon, beg, persuade, instruct etc.

Notes:

After suggest, we use a –that clause and not an infinitive.
The verb propose is not followed by an object.
The verb forbid itself conveys a negative sense. Therefore, we do not use not in the following clause.

Study the following examples carefully.

Direct: The old woman said to the boy, ‘Please help me.’
Indirect: The old woman requested the boy to help her.
Direct: I said to him, ‘Love and obey your parents.’
Indirect: I advised him to love and obey his parents. OR I advised that he should love and obey his parents.

4: Optative Sentences

It is sentence that indicates a wish, pray or desire.

If the reported speech begins with the word “may”, we change the reporting verb into prayed.

She said, “May my son stand first in the class!”

She prayed that her son might stand first in the class.

He said to them, “May you catch the train today!”

He prayed for them that they might catch the train that day.

If the reported speech begins with the word “would”, we change the reporting verb into wished.

Mother said to me, “Would that your father were here today!”

Mother wished that my father had been there that day

The teacher said to the students, “Would that I were on leave today!”

The teacher wished that he had been on leave that day.

5: Exclamatory Sentences

In reporting exclamations the indirect speech is introduced by some verb expressing exclamation.

He said, “Alas! My brother has met an accident.”

He exclaimed with great sorrow that his brother had met with an accident.

He said, “Alas! I am undone.”

He exclaimed sadly that he was undone.

Sumber :

http://uogenglish.wordpress.com/english-lecture-notes/eng-102/306-2/

4/01/2014

Passive Voice

We only use the passive when we are interested in the object or when we do not know who caused the action.

Example: Appointments are required in such cases.

We can only form a passive sentence from an active sentence when there is an object in the active sentence.

Form

to be + past participle

How to form a passive sentence when an active sentence is given:
- object of the "active" sentence becomes subject in the "passive" sentence
- subject of the "active" sentence becomes "object" in the "passive" sentence" (or is left out)

Active:	Peter	builds	a house.

Passive:	A house	is built	by Peter.

Examples

Active	Peter	builds	a house.	Simple Present

Passive:	A house	is built	by Peter.

Active:	Peter	built	a house.	Simple Past

Passive:	A house	was built	by Peter.

Active:	Peter	has built	a house.	Present Perfect

Passive:	A house	has been built	by Peter.

Active:	Peter	will build	a house.	will-future

Passive:	A house	will be built	by Peter.

Active:	Peter	can build	a house.	Modals

Passive:	A house	can be built	by Pete

We have listed active and passive forms in the following table.
We used the phrase I drive and have put this phrase into most common tenses.

Active (Simple Forms)
Simple Present	I drive
Simple Past	I drove
Present Perfect	I have driven
Past Perfect	I had driven
will-future	I will drive
Future Perfect	I will have driven
Conditional I	I would drive
Conditional II	I would have driven

Active (Progressive/Continuous Forms)
Simple Present	I am driving
Simple Past	I was driving
Present Perfect	I have been driving
Past Perfect	I had been driving
will-future	I will be driving
Future Perfect	I will have been driving
Conditional I	I would be driving
Conditional II	I would have been driving

Passive (Simple Forms)
Simple Present	I am driven
Simple Past	I was driven
Present Perfect	I have been driven
Past Perfect	I had been driven
will-future	I will be driven
Future Perfect	I will have been driven
Conditional I	I would be driven
Conditional II	I would have been driven

Passive (Progressive/Continuous Forms)
Present	I am being driven
Past	I was being driven
Present Perfect ¹	I have been being driven
Past Perfect ¹	I had been being driven
Future ¹	I will be being driven
Future Perfect ¹	I will have been being driven
Conditional I ¹	I would be being driven
Conditional II ¹	I would have been being driven

¹ Tenses which are rarely used in everyday conversation.

Here you will find some examples of how to form the passive depending on the tense.

tense	active	passive
Simple Present	Peter builds a house.	A house is built by Peter.
Simple Past	Peter built a house.	A house was built by Peter.
Present Perfect	Peter has built a house.	A house has been built by Peter.
Past Perfect	Peter had built a house.	A house had been built by Peter.
will-future	Peter will build a house.	A house will be built by Peter.
going to-future	Peter is going to build a house in summer.	A house is going to be built in summer by Peter.

Active sentences with two objects in passive

When there are two objects in an active sentence, there are two possible active sentences and two possible passive sentences.

possibility 1: The professor gave the students the books.
possibility 2: The professor gave the books to the students.

There are two objects in each of the following sentences:
object 1 = indirect object: the students
object 2 = direct object: the books

An indirect object is very often a person, a direct object a thing. When a direct object is followed by an indirect one, we put to in front of the indirect object.

active sentence - possibility 1
subject	verb	indirect object	direct object
The professor	gave	the students	the books.

active sentence - possibility 2
subject	verb	direct object	indirect object
The professor	gave	the books	to the students.

Each of the objects (direct and indirect) can be the subject in the passive sentence.

passive sentence - possibility 1
subject	verb	object	(by-agent)
The students	were given	the books.	(by the professor).

passive sentence - possibility 2
subject	verb	object	(by-agent)
The books	were given	to the students	(by the professor).

Possibility 1 is sometimes called Personal passive

Passive sentences with by

We are normally not interested in the "doer" of an action in a passive sentence. When we want to mention the "doer", we use the preposition by. The whole phrase is called by-agent in English.

Active sentence	Passive sentence
Mr Brown built the house.	The house was built by Mr Brown.

When we do not know, who was the "doer" of the action, we use someone or somebody in the active sentence. We leave out these words in the passive sentence.

Active sentence	Passive sentence
Someone stole my bike.	My bike was stolen.

Questions in Passive are formed with to be and the past particple.

1a. Questions without question words in Passive (Simple Present)

Form of to be	Subject	past participle	Rest	Yes/No	Subject	Auxiliary (+ n't)
Is	the test	written	in room 311?	Yes,	it	is.
				No,	it	is not.
				No,	it	isn't.
Are	grapes	grown	in California?	Yes,	they	are.
				No,	they	are not.
				No,	they	aren't.

1b. Questions with question words in Passive (Simple Present)

Question word	Form of to be	Subject	past participle	Rest	Answer
Where	is	the test	written?		The test is written in room 311.
Why	are	grapes	grown	in California?	Grapes are grown in California because it's warm and sunny.

2a. Questions without question words in Passive (Simple Past)

Form of to be	Subject	past participle	Rest	Yes/No	Subject	Auxiliary (+ n't)
Was	the book	taken	to the classroom?	Yes,	it	was.
				No,	it	was not.
				No,	it	wasn't.
Were	the students	taught	at home?	Yes,	they	were.
				No,	they	were not.
				No,	they	weren't.

2b. Questions with question words in Passive (Simple Past)

Question word	Form of to be	Subject	past participle	Rest	Answer
Where	was	the book	taken?		The book was taken to the classroom.
Why	were	the students	taught	at home?	The students were taught at home because the school was closed.

Here are some more example in other tenses. Let's start with the Simple froms:

Tense	Auxiliary	Subject	Verb
Present Perfect	Has	the house	been built?
Past Perfect	Had	the house	been built?
will-future	Will	the house	be built?
going to-future	Is	the house	going to be built?
Future Perfect	Will	the house	have been built?
Conditional I	Would	the house	be built?
Conditional II	Would	the house	have been built?

And now two Progessive forms:

Tense	Auxiliary	Subject	Verb
Present Progressive	Is	the house	being built?
Past Progressive	Was	the house	being built?

1) Personal Passive

When we put an object of an active sentence into passive, it becomes subject of the passive sentence.

Active voice:
The professor gave the students the books.
The professor gave the books to the students.

Passive voice:
The students were given the books.
The books were given to the students.

We sometimes use a pronoun for "the students" or "the books" in its subject form (here: they).

Passive voice:
They were given the books.
They were given to the students.

We very often leave out the by-agent in the passive sentence (here: by the professor).

2) Impersonal Passive - It is said ...

The phrase It is said ... is an impersonal passive construction. We often use it in news.

Passive sentence - version 1:
It is said that children are afraid of ghosts.

Passive sentence - version 2:
Children are said to be afraid of ghosts.

The correct active sentence would be:
Active sentence: People say that children are afraid of ghosts.

Verbs with prepositions in passive

When we put an active sentence, where a preposition follows after the verb (e.g. break into, look after), into passive - the preposition remains immediately after the verb.

Active sentence	Passive sentence
Someone broke into the pet shop.	The pet shop was broken into.

Sumber : http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/passive.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/active_passive.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/passiv_saetze.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/passive_two_objects.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/by_agent.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/questions_passive.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/personal_passive.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/passive_prepositions.htm